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《明宣府镇城的建置及其演变＊》

　　　　　Ｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｍｅｎｔ　ａｎｄ　Ｅｖｏｌｖｅｍｅｎｔ　ｏｆ　Ｘｕａｎｆｕ－Ｍｉｌｉｔａｒｙ
作　　者：王琳峰 张玉坤
　　　　　（Ｓｃｈｏｏｌ　ｏｆ　Ａｒｃｈｉｔｅｃｔｕｒｅ，Ｔｉａｎｊｉｎ　Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，ＴｉａｎＪｉｎ　３０００７２，Ｃｈｉｎａ）
出　　处：史学月刊 2010年第11期
发表时间：2010-00-00
分 类 号：Ｋ２４８
文　　摘：
以明代宣府镇城为例，研究明长城“九边”防御体系中最高级别的防御设施镇城的建置、功能及演变。依据历史资料推测出宣府镇城的空间功能构成图，还原其历史空间。从其最初建置、战略选址、功能构成、形态演变和精神层面等角度进行解析：宣府镇城的建制及演变受到自然条件、边防形势、经济生活以及礼法与社会观念等因素的共同影响。从防御效果看，“固若金汤”依靠的不仅仅是防御体系的设置和防御设施的构筑，还需要考虑军事实力、防御战、人心向背等诸多因素。
关 键 词：明朝 宣府镇城 建置 演变 影响因素
正　　文：
　　明长城沿线的“九边”重镇，从军事层面上看，是“九边”重镇的设置及各镇的层级组织机构；从物质层面上看，是具有严密层级的依托长城及其沿线聚落的军事防御工程设施。长城沿线军事聚落在北边资源供给、兵力调配上的作用和重要性远大于长城墙体。从整体角 ……
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参考文献：
参考文献：
＊ 本文系国家自然科学基金项目“明长城军事防御性聚落与防御体系基础性研究”（项目号５０５７８１０５）、教育部博士学科点专项科研基金“中国传统防御性聚落基础研究”（项目号２００７００５６０５３）的阶段成果。
以明长城为主的军事制度类论述，主要有谭其骧的《释明代都司卫所制度》（《禹贡》１９３５年７月第３卷第１０期，收入氏著《长水集》，人民出版社１９９４年版）、南炳
文的《明初军制初探》（《南开史学》１９８３年第１、２期）、马楚坚的《明清边政与治乱》（天津人民出版社１９８４年版）、〔日〕山崎清一的《明代兵制的研究》（《历史学研究》９４号，１９４１年）、华夏子的《明长城考实》（档案出版社１９８８年版）、余同元的《明代九边论述》（《安徽师范大学学报》１９８９年第２期）、李荣庆的《明代武职袭替制度述论》（《郑州大学学报》１９９０年第１期）、李长弓的《明代驿传役研究》（博士学位论文）（厦门大学人文学院历史学系１９９１年）、罗东阳的《明代兵备初探》
（《东北师大学报》１９９４年第１期）、靳润成的《明朝总督巡抚辖区研究》（天津古籍出版社１９９６年版）、肖立军的《明代中后期九边兵制研究》（吉林人民出版社
２００１年版）、董耀会的《瓦合集———长城研究文论》（科学出版社２００４年版）、郭红和于翠艳的《明代都司卫所制度与军管型政区》（《军事历史研究》２００４年第４期）、于墨颖的《明蒙关系研究———以明蒙双边政策及明朝对蒙古的防御为中心》（博士学位论文）（内蒙古大学民族学与社会学学院２００４年）、赵现海的《明代九边军镇体制研究》（博士学位论文）（东北师范大学明清史研究所２００５年）等。军屯边垦和互市贸易类文章，主要有朱庆永的《明代九边军饷》（《大公报》，１９３５年９月８日，“经济周刊”）、李龙潜的《明代军屯制度的组织形式》（《历史教学》１９６２年第１２期）、王毓铨的《明代的军屯》（中华书局１９６５年版）、全汉昇的《明代北边米粮价格的变动》（香港《新亚学报》１９７０年第９卷第２期）、李三谋的《明代边防与边垦》（《中国边疆史地研
究》１９９５年第４期）、张萍的《明代陕北蒙汉边界区军事城镇的商业化》（《民族研究》２００３年第６期）等。人口变迁与文化演变类文章，主要有余同元的《明代长城文化带形成与演变》（《烟台大学学报》１９９０ 年第３期）、郭红的《明代卫所移民与地域文化的变迁》（《中国历史地理论丛》２００３年第２期）等。
②自然地理类的论述，主要有顾琳的《明清时期榆林城遭受流沙侵袭的历史记录及其原因的初步分析》（《中国历史地理论丛》２００３年第４期）等。人文地理方面的论述主要有史念海的《西北地区诸长城的分布及其历史军事地理》（《中国历史地理论丛》１９９４年第３辑）等。
③长城及设防聚落的研究成果，多集中于对远古时期的研究，如严文明的《中国环壕聚落的演变》（《国学研究》第２卷，北京大学出版社１９９４年版）、刘辉的《史前聚落与考古遗址》（《东南文化》２０００年第５期）、钱耀鹏的《中国史前防御设施的社会意义考察》（《华夏考古》２００３年第３期）等。
④罗哲文：《长城》，北京出版社１９８２年版；《失去的建筑》，中国建筑工业出版社2002年版。
⑤《中国军事史》编写组：《中国军事史》第６卷（兵垒），解放军出版社１９９１年版。
⑥长城军事聚落研究的相关论文，主要有李严的《榆林地区明长城军事堡寨聚落研究》（硕士学位论文）（天津大学建筑学院２００４年）、李哲的《山西省雁北地区明代军事防御性聚落探析》（硕士学位论文）（天津大学建筑学院２００５年）、倪晶的《明宣府镇长城军事堡寨聚落研究》（硕士学位论文）（天津大学建筑学院２００５年）、张曦沐的《明长城居庸关研究》（硕士学位论文）（天津大学建筑学院２００５年）、李贞娥的《长城山西镇段沿线明代城堡建筑研究》（硕士学位论文）（清华大学建筑学院２００５年）、李严的《明长城“九边”重镇军事防御性聚落研究》（博士学位论文）（天津大学建筑学院２００７年）、
薛原的《资源、经济角度下明代长城沿线军事聚落变迁研究》（硕士学位论文）（天津大学建筑学院２００７年）、吴晶晶的《陕西高家堡古镇空间形态演进及其用地结构研究》（硕士学位论文）（西安建筑科技大学建筑学院２００８年）以及陈喆、董明晋、戴俭的《北京地区长城沿线戍边城堡形态特征与保护策略探析》（《建筑学报》２００８年第３期）等。

①杨时宁编：《宣大山西三镇图说》，玄览堂丛书本，江苏广陵古籍刻印社１９８６年版。
②申时行、赵用贤等纂修：《大明会典》卷一二六《镇戍一》，明万历十五年修，全国图书馆文献缩微中心，２００１年。

①杨润平：《明宣府镇的长城防务》，《张家口职业技术学院学报》２０００年第１１期。
②④　宣化县地方志编撰委员会：《宣化县志》，河北人民出版社１９９３年版，第１１～１２、１１～１３页。
③霍冀：《九边图说》，于默颖、薄音湖：《明代蒙古汉籍史料汇编》第２辑，内蒙古大学出版社２００７年版，第３５页。
⑤陈韶旭、薛志清：《明朝中前期宣府镇在北部边疆的重要地位和作用》，《河北北方学院学报》２００６年第５期。
⑥程道生：《九边图考•宣府》，民国８年石印本，第３３页。
⑦郭璞：《古本葬经•内篇》卷一，《津逮秘书》第４集，上海博古斋民国１１年版。

①王娟、王军：《中国古代农耕社会村落选址及其风水景观模式》，《西安建筑科技大学学报》２００５年第３期。
②孙世芳纂修：《宣府镇志》，明嘉靖本，新修方志丛刊，台北，学生书局１９６９年影印，第７５页。
③李筌：《神机制敌太白阴经》卷二《人谋下•地势篇第十九》，丛书集成初编本。
④王其亨：《风水理论研究》，天津大学出版社２００５年版，第３８页图１。
⑤顾祖禹撰，贺次君、施和金点校：《读史方舆纪要》卷一八《北直九》，中国古代地理总志丛刊，中华书局２００５年版。
⑥于谦：《少保于公奏议》卷一《北伐类•兵部为边务事》，丛书集成续编本。
⑦陈坦纂修：《宣化县志》，清康熙五十年刻本，全国图书馆文献缩微中心，１９９０年。
⑧陈继曾、陈时隽、郭维城修纂：《宣化县新志》，民国１１年铅印本，新修方志丛刊，台北，学生书局１９６７年影印。

①２００９年１月，作者于宣化古城调研时，拍摄“宣化古城旅游景区导览图”，并据此绘制图６“宣化古城现存景点分布图”。
②王毓铨：《明代的军屯》，中华书局２００９年再版本，第１８６～１８７页。
③孙世芳纂修：《宣府镇志》，第７５页。

①宣化县地方志编撰委员会：《宣化县志》，第１２页。
②狄志惠：《京西第一府———宣化》，《城乡建设》２００７年第４期。

①镇国府位置的确定，参考了张连仲《宣化皇城溯源》
（http://php.ynety.cn/news/news_more.asp?lm2=102,2008-10-11/2008-12-09）一文。
②孙世芳纂修：《宣府镇志》，第８９页。

①由于无从找到明代宣府城池图，此图以清代《宣化府志》中的“宣府城郭图”为底本，并结合文献资料记载绘制而成，以揭示寺庙存在的相对位置和数目。
②明代宣府镇志中记载的寺庙、祭祀建筑的数目多于图９中所标示的数目。
③⑤　孙世芳纂修：《宣府镇志》，第１６６、１０８页。
④陈韶旭、薛志清：《明朝中前期宣府镇在北部边疆的重要地位和作用》。
⑤陈韶旭、王凯东、冶治江：《明朝政府对宣府地方经济的扶植政策及影响》，《张家口师专学报》２００３年第５期。

①孙世芳纂修：《宣府镇志》，第８９页。
②刘景纯：《宣德至万历年间蒙古诸部侵扰九边的时间分布与地域变迁》，《中国边疆史地研究》2009年第6期。
③《明武宗实录》卷一一四，正德九年七月乙丑，台北，中研院历史语言研究所1962年影校本。
④《明英宗实录》卷一八一，正统十四年八月庚戌，台北，中研院历史语言研究所1962年影校本。
⑤古城春晓：《李自成智取宣府》，《张家口晚报》，2008年10月27日，第Ａ１６版。
⑥李筌：《神机制敌太白阴经》卷二《人谋下•地势篇第十九》。
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mg (0.875 ml) injections per week. Then, in weeks 3-5, this shall be 2 x
a hundred and fifty mg (0.75 ml) injections per week.

When using cypionate or enanthate, the bottle will sometimes be dosed at 200 mg/mL.

Androgen receptors within the muscle tissue receive the steroid, and as quickly as inside the muscle
cell, the steroid can further stimulate protein synthesis17.
Solely professional weightlifters and bodybuilders must be answerable for cycling Dianabol and different anabolic medication. The fact of the matter is that Dbol is extremely strong and will
pose some risk to the uninformed. Without 100% effort in the
workout regimen, the outcomes will go in lower than one month.
As can be expected, both males and ladies who use this steroid will expertise a wide selection of antagonistic Dianabol side effects.
Several research point out that males who use Dianabol have an increased
risk of getting prostate cancer.
As such, you possibly can discover a marked enhance in your muscle mass and power in just
three to 4 days. How a lot of each compound you employ will rely on your cycle objectives, dimension, and steroid/PED experience.
For example, newbies looking to lean bulk might comfortably use 300mg testosterone per week
for 12 weeks, with Var used for the primary 4 and final 4 weeks at 20mg
per day. Oxandrolone and Nandrolone are just about at complete opposite ends of the spectrum.
The former is used for chopping, recomping, and getting lean,
whereas the latter is often used to bulk up and add mass.


Research involving high doses of Testosterone Enanthate have found that even extreme doses aren’t
tense to the liver. One of the benefits of Andriol is that, unlike many different oral
steroids, this one just isn't toxic to the liver as a end result of it does not move by way of the
liver. While it is a profit, for many customers, the downsides will outweigh the dearth
of liver toxicity, including the excessive value of the product when contemplating the high dosages wanted to reap essentially the most advantages.
This is a long-acting and slow-release steroid that, when utilized in injection form,
can last a number of months within the system.
Due to this slow activity, its optimistic benefits
can be very delayed and will not even begin to be useful till
near the end of a normal-length steroid cycle. This makes Testosterone Undecanoate much less practical for a lot of users of performance-enhancing steroids in contrast with other esters of testosterone.

Thanks to its decrease androgenic ranking, deca and dianabol Cycle is among the few steroids males
can tolerate – if not better – than testosterone itself.


It’s also necessary to notice that the size of your cycle will depend in your
goals and experience stage. Give these safe, effective, and legal alternatives
a try, and begin seeing the results you’ve always
wanted. By figuring out your expectations and understanding your body’s response
to those substances, you’ll have a clearer idea of which steroid is
best suited to your individual wants. If you're predisposed to
gyno or are sensitive to estrogen, remember to use
an aromatase inhibitor whereas taking Anadrol.
They can get you the place you want to go rapidly, but in addition they come with lots of dangers.

Then, you would wish to discover a pharmacy that shares the drug, which can be tough since it
isn't as widespread as different steroids. One of essentially the
most well-known unwanted effects of Anadrol is the suppression of pure
hormones.
It typically produces few unwanted effects but noteworthy changes in physique composition. If you want to shred body fat rapidly, safely, and successfully, then an Anavar and Clen cycle may
be the right choice. When combined together, these two medicine might help you achieve your health goals
in document time. This is not going to solely assist with fat loss however might help you keep muscle mass with
zero unwanted aspect effects. It makes up only about 22 p.c of this
drug, but it also has a really fast release time which might lead to faster muscle progress and strength gains if injected day by day.

The addition of the thyroid hormone Cytomel on this superior cycle assists in regulating metabolism and power.
These much longer superior cycles that stack
a number of steroids are advanced cycles.
Females who develop virilization are always advised to stop use immediately so those effects can subside and disappear.
Normal steroid cycles are sometimes the place to begin for new users
however are additionally a staple within the strategy of skilled
bodybuilders. The outcomes achieved over a 10–12-week normal
cycle may be unbelievable (provided you work
hard within the gym). It’s also not an overwhelming length of time to decide to utilizing steroids.

For noticeable mass positive aspects (but once more, still moderate as this isn't a strong
bulking steroid), you’ll wish to hit 400mg/week of actual Primobolan. Sometimes, it goes to be stacked with Testosterone
to boost gains if you’re on a lean bulking cycle at this dose.
If you may be looking for a approach to improve muscle mass and burn fat,
then the Clenbuterol and Anavar cycle could additionally be best
for you. This cycle includes taking two powerful compounds, Clenbuterol and Anavar,
that can assist you achieve your health goals.

Anadrole helps to extend red blood cell manufacturing, delivering extra oxygen to muscular
tissues for elevated power and endurance. It also helps
to advertise nitrogen retention, which is crucial for protein synthesis.
Most of this weight is more doubtless to be in the form of muscle, with some being fluid retention.


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