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《明代关西七卫与西番诸卫》

　　　　　The Seven Guards in Guanxi Area and the Several Guards in Xibo Area During Ming Dynasty
作　　者：程利英
出　　处：西藏研究 2005年03期
发表时间：2005-03-01
分 类 号：K207
文　　摘：
明朝的西北边防体制包括西域、河湟两个方向,在西域设立关西七卫,在河湟地区设立西番诸卫,是体制不同的两类卫所,同时,这两类卫所在维护西北边陲方面也发挥了不同的作用.

参考链接：
　　· http://scholar.ilib.cn/Abstract.aspx?A=xzyj200503004
关 键 词：明代 西北 边防体制 关西七卫 西番诸卫
正　　文：
 
　　明朝的西北边防体制包括西域、河湟两个方向,明朝在嘉峪关以西设立关西七卫的同时,在河湟地区(安多藏区) 也设立了西番诸卫,它们互为表里,共同构成了明朝的边防体系。关于关西七卫,自上世纪30 年代岑仲勉先生发表《明初曲先、阿端 ……
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参考文献：
注释:
①(清)查继佐《: 罪惟录·外藩列传·哈密》,浙江古籍出版社
1986 年版,第2767 页。
②⑤《明太祖实录》卷90 ,洪武七年六月壬戌,上海古籍出版社1983 年版,第1586～1587 页。
③⑥《明太祖实录》卷96 ,洪武八年正月甲子,上海古籍出版社1983 年版,第1654 、1649～1650 页。
④赖家度《: 明代初期西北七卫的设置》,载《历史教学》1957
年第8 期。
⑦⑧[15](清) 张廷玉等:《明史·西域二·罕东卫》,中华书局
1974 年版,第8562 、8562 、8565 页。
⑨《明太宗实录》卷24 ,上海古籍出版社1983 年版,第443～
444 页。
[10]《明太宗实录》卷25 ,永乐元年十一月甲午,上海古籍出版社1983 年版,第455 页。
[11](清)张廷玉等《: 明史·西域一·哈密卫》,中华书局1974 年
版,第8511 页。
[12]《明太宗实录》卷36 ,永乐二年十一月己亥,上海古籍出版社1983 年版,第619 页。
[13](明)严从简《: 殊域周咨录·西戎·哈密》,中华书局1993 年
版,第412 页。
[14]《明太宗实录》卷52 ,永乐四年三月丁巳,上海古籍出版社
1983 年版,第786～787 页。
[16](明) 宋濂等:《元史·百官志三》,中华书局1976 年版,第
2193 页。
[17]《明宪宗实录》卷40 ,成化三年三月丙寅,上海古籍出版社
1983 年版,第804 页。
[18]王继光《: 明代必里卫新考》,载《西北民族研究》1993 年第
1 期。
[19]《明太祖实录》卷225 ,上海古籍出版社1983 年版,第3295
～3296 页。
[20](清)张廷玉等《: 明史·食货志四》,中华书局1974 年版,第
1949 页。
[21](清)张廷玉等《: 明史·西域二·安定卫》,中华书局1974 年
版,第8551 页。
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From their hands, every player will create melds to earn factors.
Players verify their hands earlier than the melding section to discover out whether any of the next combos are
current. In the screenshots above, the participant on the
left is taking half in a game of Spades. Since he has no Hearts cards, he can comply with with any other card.
He has no Golf Equipment cards, so he can not follow the
trick go nicely with. Dive into the world of Double Deck Pinochle with our
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beginners and seasoned gamers alike. You Will discover the nuances of meld bidding,
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The basic recreation of Pinochle is Two-Hand Pinochle, which derives from the European game Bezique.
If you have a hand with many cards of an analogous go well with, and you imagine that your
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The melds will make up the points for the bid, and then you'll
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I love playing pinochle and when I can not get along with
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Pinochle requires sport experience, intelligent strategy,
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In Pinochle, the 2 cards that make up the Pinochle meld are the Queen of
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In addition to the melds, there are two other methods to attain in Pinochle,
points and bids. Thus, a Queen of Spades used to make a flush can not then be
reused to make a pinochle with the Jack of Diamonds.
The participant with the most points at the end of the sport wins.
Depending on how lengthy or brief one needs the sport to be, the rating restrict can be adjusted.
If you like playing pinochle, this printable is for you. Print as many pinochle rating sheets as you wish utilizing this template and luxuriate in playing
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If the bidder reneges, he routinely takes a double
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It takes self-discipline to cease yourself from overbidding and persistence to sit again and anticipate
the proper hand to come along. Conversely, when you by no means bid you’ll by no means win, and there are times when taking danger will
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hand or reject the card. If the participant chooses to hold
the preliminary card, the player then attracts a second
card from the widow, then locations it face-down, with out taking a look at it, creating a discard pile.
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Players alternate turns in this hand-building process till all playing cards are chosen.
The cutthroat Pinochle cards recreation has a gambling variation known as Examine Pinochle.
The only distinction between this sport's rules and cutthroat pinochle is that gamers must maintain a report of their checks.
The first thing you should resolve is what trump you’re going to decide on. If you might have a run, you’ll have to make
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Observe that the second and the second last trick can't be received, so you have to be additional cautious about that too.
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?̀�ķ?鈤�ǟπ&# -- [未验证] Eve (2025-06-26 19:10:40)
моды на игры для андроид
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Я лично использую взломанные игры, чтобы
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Это действительно удивительно, как
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?̀�ķ?鈤�ǟπ&# -- [未验证] Adrienne (2025-06-26 02:16:34)
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?̀�ķ?鈤�ǟπ&# -- [未验证] Javier (2025-06-25 14:10:36)

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�̀�ķ�鈤�ǟπ&# -- [未验证] Oliver (2025-06-24 22:24:45)
Additionally, direct purchase benefits embody access to unique promotions and customer support, enhancing the overall purchasing expertise.
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methods safeguarding client information. Take 3 tablets in the morning and three tablets within the
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It is similarly used to stop muscle atrophy,
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Subsequently, Anavar made by Dragon Pharma is an anabolic steroid that is used to motivate the advance of muscle tissue.
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To ensure security and maximise benefits, sourcing these tablets from
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Anavar is still medically prescribed at present to males, girls and even youngsters as a outcome of its good security profile.
Anavar _ chemical name Oxandrolone, is likely certainly one of the hottest oral steroids and
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Analyzing their regulatory compliance, encryption standards, and customer reviews becomes very
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these platforms. There are insufficient data on excretion into human milk, however given the potential for critical antagonistic reactions in nursing infants, breastfeeding is not beneficial whereas on remedy.
Women of child-bearing potential should employ
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To decrease unwanted effects, at all times adhere to recommended dosages and cycles.

For males, post-cycle therapy (PCT) is essential to restore hormonal
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In the fitness and bodybuilding world, Anavar (Oxandrolone) has become a highly sought-after anabolic steroid.
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reduce back body fat. It is mostly beneficial to make
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