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《明清之际的“夜不收”与“捉生”》

　　　　　An Analysis 'Yebushou' and 'Zhuosheng' during the Ming-Qing Transition
作　　者：祁美琴
　　　　　祁美琴 (1964-),女,中国人民大学清史研究所副教授;北京 100872
出　　处：《清史研究》 2005年04期
发表时间：2005-11-15
ＩＳＳＮ：1002-8587(2005)-05-0019-10
分 类 号：K249
文　　摘：
本文认为"夜不收"是明代辽东边防守军中的哨探或间谍的特有称谓,而"捉生"则是后金(清)崛起后为获取军事情报而采取的一种捕捉哨探的行为."捉生"的有效实施,体现了军事侦察活动在从明到清转折时期的决定性胜利中做出的特殊贡献.

参考链接：
　　· http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/qikan/periodical.Articles/qsyj ...
关 键 词：夜不收 捉生 军事侦察
正　　文：
　　“夜不收”是明代辽东边防守军中的哨探或间谍的特有称谓, 而“捉生”则是后金(清) 崛起后, 为获取军事情报而采取的一种捕捉哨探的行为。自从人类有战争以来, 军事侦察活动就成为战争双方获取军事情报的重要途径。在明清这个历史转折的重要时期, ……
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参考文献：
[1]参见杨旸《明代辽东都司》,中州古籍出版社1988年;杨旸、袁闾琨、傅朗云《明代奴尔干都司及其卫所研究》,中州书画社1982年.书中,作者对上述卫所的所在位置、建制沿革有详尽的论述,但是对卫所的功能及其具体运作没有给与关注,是很大的缺憾.
[2]《大明一统志》(下)卷89,女直,三秦出版社1990年重印本.
[3]郑晓:《皇明四夷考》上卷,女直,国学文库本,1933年重印.
[4]郑晓:《皇明四夷考》上卷,兀良哈.
[5]郑晓:《皇明四夷考》上卷,女直.
[6]《明英宗实录》卷98,正统七年十一月乙丑.
[7]《明英宗实录》卷210,景泰二年十月乙酉.
[8]史学界一般认为是成化三年,但是刘谦先生认为是成化五年(《明辽东镇长城及防御考》38页,文物出版社1989年).
[9]《明神宗实录》卷15,万历元年七月丙申.
[10]刘谦《明辽东镇长城及防御考》,导言,7页.
[11]《皇明从信录》卷18,正统七年二月条,续修四库全书355史部编年类.《沈故》卷1"明时城堡墩台"下记载:"辽东城堡二百七十九座,空心敌台三十一座,边腹敌台九十座,墩台二千七百一十座,其布置非不周密也,其如在德不在险何?"辽海丛书本.
[12]《明英宗实录》卷111,正统八年十二月丙午.
[13]《辽东志》卷9,"外志后序".
[14]《明神宗实录》卷572,万历四十六年七月丁酉.
[15]《滦阳录》卷1有"夜不收"条.
[16]《明神宗实录》卷77,万历六年七月丙辰.
[17]后金与明发生战事后,曾有"厚抚北关(即叶赫)以坚其敌,多行间谍以溃其党"之论.《明神宗实录》卷572,万历四十六年七月壬辰.
[18]《明神宗实录》卷580,万历四十七年三月甲午.
[19]《明神宗实录》卷580,万历四十七年三月甲午.
[20]《明神宗实录》卷458,万历三十七年五月辛巳.
[21]《明神宗实录》卷77,万历六年七月丙辰.
[22]《明英宗实录》卷9,宣德十年九月壬辰.
[23]如嘉靖四十一年五月丁未上谕:加辽东沿边墩军及各营出哨夜不收本色行粮月米二斗(《明世宗实录》卷509);万历六年七月又"每名于月粮外再加一倍"(《明神宗实录》卷77);万历八年四月丁丑:"赠恤辽东各路死事夜不收并走报墩军曹卜花等六十六人"(《明神宗实录》卷98).
[24]如隆庆元年十一月癸酉,兵部议复户部,以夜不收能深入虏营哨探得实,或不幸被杀伤者宜厚加赏恤.(《明穆宗实录》卷14,隆庆元年十一月癸酉)
[25]《辽东志》卷3"兵食·边略·烧荒".
[26]《明英宗实录》卷205,景泰二年六月戊辰.
[27]《明代辽东档案汇编》,下册,871-872页,辽沈书社1985年.
[28]《明代辽东档案汇编》,下册,890页.
[29]《明英宗实录》卷205,明景泰二年六月戊辰.
[30]《明神宗实录》卷524,万历四十二年九月壬戌.
[31]《明神宗实录》卷528,万历四十三年正月乙亥.
[32]《明神宗实录》卷572,万历四十六年七月丁酉.
[33]《明熹宗实录》卷12,天启元年七月壬子.
[34]《清太祖朝老满文原档·第一册荒字老满文档册》,100页.
[35]《满文老档》(上),266-267页.
[36]《满文老档》(上),267页.
[37]《清初内国史院满文档案译编》(上),170页.
[38]《满文老档》(下),1525页.
[39]《清太祖朝老满文原档·第一册荒字老满文档册》,85-86页.
[40]《清太祖朝老满文原档·第二册昃字老满文档册》,154页.
[41]《清太祖朝老满文原档·第二册昃字老满文档册》,115页.
[42]《满文老档》(上),128页.
[43]《满文老档》(上),314-315页.
[44]《满文老档》(下),1118页.
[45]《满文老档》(下),1120-1121页.
[46]《满文老档》(下),1121页.
[47]《清太祖朝老满文原档·第二册昃字老满文档册》,109页.
[48]《清太祖朝老满文原档·第一册荒字老满文档册》,57-58页.但是也不排除临时"卡伦"的设立.如天命三年五月,在努尔哈赤攻取铁岭之前,曾在军队主力大营之外,设立了十六处卡伦.显然,这类"卡伦"的任务是专门为大营站岗放哨的.(同前,93页)
[49]《满文老档》(下),983页.
[50]《满文老档》(下),985页.
[51]《满文老档》(下),964页.
[52]《清太祖朝老满文原档·第一册荒字老满文档册》,110-111页.
[53]《满文老档》(下),987、989页.
[54]《满文老档》(下),992页.
[55]《满文老档》(下),977页.
[56]《满文老档》(下),1132页.
[57]《满文老档》(下),1159-1160页.
[58]《满文老档》(下),1162-1163页.
[59]《满文老档》(下),1267页.
[60]《满文老档》(下),1273页.
[61]《满文老档》(下),1278页.
[62]《满文老档》(下),1020、1024页.
[63]《清初内国史院档案译编》,415页.
[64]《清初内国史院档案译编》,492页.
[65]其实应该说是根据军事需要,而选择捉生的对象.天聪五年为"察哈尔汗往征阿巴嘎济农之事",皇太极就"使人前往察哈尔捉生."《天命天聪年间蒙古文档案译稿》(中),《历史档案》2001年第4期.
[66]《旧满洲档译注·清太宗朝》(一),246页.
[67]《旧满洲档译注·清太宗朝》(一),247页.
[68]《天聪五年值月档》(一),三月初一日条.《历史档案》2000年第4期.
[69]《满文老档》(下),1148页.
[70]《满文老档》(下),1537页.
[71]《清初内国史院档案译编》(上),249页.
[72]《天聪五年值月档》(二),三月初六日条.《历史档案》2001年第1期.
[73]《天聪五年值月档》(二),七月初九日条.
[74]《天聪五年值月档》(三),八月初三日条.《历史档案》2001年第2期.
[75]《满变老档》(下),1193页.
[76]《满文老档》(下),1557页.
[77]《崇德三年满文档案译编》,231页.
[78]《清太祖朝老满文原档·第一册荒字老满文档册》,107-108页.
[79]《清太祖朝老满文原档·第二册昃字老满文档册》,195页.
[80]《天聪五年值月档》(一),二月初六日条.
[81]《旧满洲档译注·清太宗朝》(一),244页.
[82]《旧满洲档译注·清太宗朝》(一),255-256页.
[83]《满文老档》(下),1721页.
[84]《天聪九年档》,74页.
[85]《满文老档》(下),985页.
[86]《旧满洲档译注·清太宗朝》(一),243、244页.
[87]《满文老档》(下),1541页.
[88]《清太祖朝老满文原档·第二册昃字老满文档册》,195页.
[89]《旧满洲档译注·清太宗朝》(二),158页.
[90]《明神宗实录》卷151,万历十二年七月庚寅.
[91]《满族发展史初编》,158页,天津古籍出版社1990年.


收稿日期：2005年6月10日

出版日期：2005年11月15日

本文由志愿者：【火箭人 】收集整理上线。
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It is now determined whether or not the bidder has made his bid.
If the entire of his meld and the points he gained in play adds as a lot as at
least the quantity of his bid, he has successfully made his bid.
In this case the bidder scores all the points he received in melds and play.

Each of the other two gamers also score for his or her
meld and no matter they won in the play, supplied that they won at least one counter.
Any player that fails to seize a counter in the play of the hand scores nothing for any meld they could have had on the hand (this
is called "dropping your meld").
Understanding these nuances is key to aggressive
play. A participant who fails to observe suit when ready commits a reneging violation. This leads to penalty factors, emphasizing the
significance of adhering to rules during play. Players might
draw playing cards from the remaining deck during their turn, aiming to enhance their hand.

In fact, Pinochle was originally a two-player sport derived
instantly from the favored 17th Century
French recreation Bezique. The classic counting system of
pinochle is the place aces are 11, tens are value 10, kings are value 4, queens are
price three, jacks are value two, and nines are value zero.
For the last 12 tips, melds are taken into every player’s hands & are now not
introduced b to the player who wins the trick. With follow
and expertise, you’ll be capable of develop your personal strategy and enhance your
possibilities of profitable. You can only meld as soon as per hand, and each participant will have to have a minimal of 20 factors in their hand to meld.


It takes only a few minutes to learn the basic guidelines of pinochle.
All you should be taught are the cardboard values and totally different melds
to start enjoying the game. Trick-taking commences and continues until
all held cards have been played. One variation has
no "main" requirement for the bid winner or subsequent trick winner to steer a particular card,
nonetheless the principles of "following" are nonetheless noticed.

Understanding the foundations behind Hoyles’ model of pinochles ensures an gratifying
experience whether or not you’re new or seasoned at the desk.
By keeping these FAQs in mind whilst you play will assist keep your video games engaging
and aggressive. In our example, we're going be seeing
all of the playing cards playable. Usually, the playing cards are held in hand and
solely you presumably can see your own cards till performed.
The only time a "team" is shaped in Public
Sale pinochle is when two opponents join collectively to try
to "set" the bidder. "Yes" permits decks to be uploaded using the AddContent Decks
button in the Current Game item in the primary menu.
Uploaded decks are used starting on the next deal following addContent.

The player with the highest rating at the end of
the sport wins. One way to management the move of play
is to lead with trump playing cards when your opponent has already played a card
in that go nicely with. This prevents them from
winning the trick and getting factors. With bidding, the player winning the
bid declares trump, then lays all meld face-up on the desk.
Meld factors are tallied, and gamers return meld cards to their hands.

The opponents of the excessive bidder get to keep their points regardless.
Often in Partners Pinochle, after the excessive bidder chooses the trump suit, they have a possibility to improve their
hand by exchanging playing cards with their associate.
Sometimes the companion of the excessive bidder passes first,
passing four playing cards to the excessive bidder.

Subsequent the high bidder evaluates their playing cards and chooses 4 card to move again. Double deck Pinochle is a variation of the sport
that involves using twice as many cards. This form of
Pinochle is often played with six players instead
of three or 4.
At any point of the game, a player can proclaim "Declare Out".
In that case, the tricks of that particular participant could be counted.
If he is ready to rating one thousand factors, he wins the game
whatever the opponent rating. If there are lower than a
thousand factors, he would lose regardless of his opponent has roughly points.


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ǮĀș：ķȥ֮�ʵġ�ҹ -- [未验证] Kami (2025-06-26 22:22:01)
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Der Verkauf von HGH ist in vielen L鋘dern, einschlie遧ich den Vereinigten Staaten, streng reguliert.
Es ist wichtig sicherzustellen, dass jede HGH-Quelle
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Die Stoffwechselvorg鋘ge beg黱stigen zudem eine Zellvermehrung in den jeweiligen K鰎perteilen. _F黵 den medizinischen Bereich wird es im Labor hergestellt", sagt Weber. Wer das Hormon wegen eines Mangels verschrieben bekommt, erh鋖t also ein sicheres Produkt. Das gilt aber nicht f黵 Wachstumshormone, die man 黚er diverse Kan鋖e im Web ordern und sich dann selbst spritzen kann. Es ist an allen Wachstumsprozessen beteiligt, entsprechend auch am Aufbau der Zellen und an der Regeneration des K鰎pers. Wachstumshormone spielen entsprechend auch f黵 den Muskelaufbau eine Rolle.
Eine direkte Aufnahme ist aufgrund drohender Nebenwirkungen und der ungewissen Herkunft nicht empfehlenswert. Das k鰎pereigene Eiwei� hat eine anabole Wirkung f黵 Muskeln, Knochen und Co. Dort findet eine erh鰄te Aufnahme der Aminos鋟ren statt, in dessen Folge Muskeln und Knochen wachsen. Somit kommt den Wachstumshormonen gro遝 Bedeutung beim Muskelaufbau zu. Wachstumshormone wirken sich nicht nur auf die Muskeln, sondern auch das Fettgewebe und die Stoffwechselvorg鋘ge im K鰎per aus. Die regelrechte Versorgung mit den Eiwei遝n ist nicht nur f黵 Kinder im Wachstum, sondern auch f黵 Erwachsene wichtig. Dies gilt erst recht f黵 dich, wenn du im Bodybuilding und Fitnessbereich unterwegs bist.
Somatoliberin und Somatostatin und damit die Freisetzung von Wachstumshormon. Wachstumshormon wird haupts鋍hlich im Bodybuilding zusammen mit anderen Anabolika zum Muskelaufbau und zur Reduzierung des K鰎perfettanteils eingesetzt. Nach vierw鯿higer Einnahme von Wachstumshormon nimmt die Gesamtmasse des Athleten leicht zu (2-4 kg). HGH wird auch verwendet, um die H鋟figkeit von Verletzungen zu reduzieren, da es die F鋒igkeit hat, Knochen und Bindegewebe zu st鋜ken. Biosimilar ist ein Analogon des Originalarzneimittels, mit einem wesentlichen Unterschied - das Produkt wird auf der Grundlage lebender Organismen und nicht durch chemische Synthese hergestellt. Eine Person sp黵t m鰃licherweise keinen gro遝n Unterschied, aber die M鰃lichkeit einer allergischen Reaktion wird auf ein Minimum reduziert und die Wirksamkeit des Arzneimittels ist h鰄er (gilt f黵 alle Funktionen, die das Wachstumshormon tr鋑t).
Kaufen Sie Humatrope HGH wie Humatrope HGH Somatropin Lilly f黵 Fitness und bodybuilding - Adele -.
Wie bereits bekannt ist und wie Bodybuilder verraten,
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Human Progress Hormone HGH Humatrope hat eine anabole Wirkung auf
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Steigerung von HGH bei einem Wachstumshormonmangel,
sowie eine schnellere Regeneration oder Wachstumshormone f黵 Muskelaufbau m鯿hte, kann auf ganz allt鋑liche, als auch banale Dinge wie beispielsweise gen黦end Schlaf,
zur點kgreifen. Zum einen sollten Sie ein regelm溥iges Training durchf黨ren, um bei den Bewegungungen Ihre Muskulatur auf Vordermann zu bringen.


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ǮĀș：ķȥ֮�ʵġ�ҹ -- [未验证] Taylah (2025-06-24 22:07:18)
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